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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

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28X 


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laire 
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lues  du 
It  modifier 
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aire 


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illustrent  la  m6thode. 


by  errata 
ied  to 

ent 

une  peiure, 

Faqon  d 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

32X 


/ 


/- 


THE 


LouiSBOURG  Expedition 


OF 


'  745 


E""^RETT  PEPPERRELL  WHEELER. 


THE  LOUISBOURG  EXPEDITION 

OF  I74v 


ADDRESS 


UKi.l\i:K!.D  Ll'ON    Till-:  KIXi'.S  r.VSTIOX  n]- 

LOriSBOURG, 

BEFORI-;  THK  SOCIETY  OF  COLONIAL  WARS 
amj  their  GLESrS. 


ON    THK    ONK    IK   \I)KI  I)    AM)    KIlTlinK    A  \  M\  KK^A  K  V    iiF    Till'    SI  KKIAnEU 

(1-  Tin-:  i-OKTiti^--,  JINK  17,  1745.  •^■^"  •■^' 

•[•[IK  rN\i;[i.i.\"(;  of  thi".  l<)L'[si;i»ik<;  moxl'M[.nt. 


Everett  Pepperrell  Wheeler. 


;J1p(yf|  ^- 


I'lIILADKLl'llIA  : 

I  111      illili'KI'AL    RkcISTKR    PuillI-illNi;    (' 

iSyS. 


I'REF-ATORV    XOTK. 

In  its  preparaf  on  I  read  all  the  original  documents,  whether 
pnnted  or   manuscnpt.  to   which    I    could  obtain   access.     Tlie 
hbranans  of  the   Xcw  York  State   Library,  of   the   Astor   and 
Lenox  Libraries,  and  of  the  Libraries  of  the  New  York  Historical 
Socety,  and  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  were  bo" 
courteous  uKi  helpful,  and  I  tender  them  my  since'  thanks 
endeavored  to  sift  and  weigh  the  evidence,  as  I  would  pre  ^  .  a 
case   for   argument.     My  conclusions  differ,  in   some  re  pects 
rom  those  of  some  historians.     As  to  this,  I  can  only  say     ^ 
I  liuve  taken  nothing  at  second  hand. 

V       -,.    ,     .  Everett  P.  Wheei.ek. 

Xcw  \ork,  July  I.   1895. 


"^ 


ADDRESS. 


Mr.    Governor,  Gentle nwn  of  the   Society  of  Colonial  Wars  and 
Guests  : 

Heaven  smiles  on  our  undertaking.  The  northwest;  wind 
has  driven  away  the  clouds  and  fogs  of  the  past  week.  Under 
the  blue  Cape  Breton  sky  we  commemorate  acliievements  that, 
in  their  ultimate  result,  gave  to  the  two  great  North  American 
Commonwealths  their  goodly  heritage. 

The  Roman  historian  tells  us  that  the  leaders  of  his 
time  used  to  say  that  when  they  looked  on  the  statues  of  their 
ancestors,  their  souls  were  stirred  with  a  passion  of  \irtue.  It 
was  not  the  marble,  nor  the  features  that  in  themselves  had 
force.  But  the  memory  of  their  noble  deeds  kindled  a  flame  in 
the  breasts  of  their  descendants  which  could  not  be  quenched 
until  their  actions  had  equaled  the  renown  and  worth  of  their 
fathers. 

In  like  manner  we  dedicate  this  monument  in  a  spirit  of 
gratitude  to  God  and  noble  emulation  for  the  heroism  of  man. 
No  narrow  sp'rit  of  local  self-gratulation  has  brought  us  hither. 
vVe  are  glac'  to  recognize  that  British  sailors  and  colonial  soldiers 
shared  in  tl:e  difficulties  and  dangers  of  the  siege  whose  suc- 
cessful issue  we  celebrate  to-day.  And  we  are  swift  to  acknowl- 
edge the  courage  and  endurance  of  the  garrison,  who,  cut  off 
from  succor  and  short  of  provisions,  offered  brave  resistance  for 
seven  weeks  to  the  British  fleet  and  the  regiments  of  Massa- 
chusetts, New  Hamphire  and  Connecticut. 

In  the  Parliament  of  Quebec  questions  have  been  put  to 
the  government,  indicating  that  the  member  who  asked  them 
thought  tlMt  this  monument  was  erected  in  the  spirit  of  triumph 
over  a  fallen  foe.  To  him  I  reply  that  we  have  not  thus  learned 
the  lessons  of  history.     This  column  points  upward  to  the  stars, 


a  n**? 


and  away  tViMii  tlic  petty  jealousies  tliat  man  the  earth.  It  will 
tell,  we  trii-^t,  til  mail)-  LjencratiDns,  the  story  of  the  ei»uraL;e, 
hernli:  tortitiule,  ami  iiianl_\-  ener;^y  nf  these  whu  fiuiL^ht  brhiiul 
the  ramparts  as  well  a>  of  those  who  fous^ht  in  the  Irciiches. 
Soiiit.'  hi-'loi-ians,  it  is  triie,  ha\e  underratetl  the  hraxer}'  of  the 
(leienders  of  the  eit\',  and  even  asserted  th.it  they  surrciulend 
before  a  iM-each  was  m.uk-  in  their  walls,  and  when  they  mi^ht 
well  ha\e  held  out  f 'r  months.  The  best  answer  to  this  is  eou- 
tained  in  an  ori_L;iual  document  which  t^dves  the  most  authentic 
account  of  the  sicj^e  :  Governor  Shirley's  letter  to  the  Duke  of 
Newcastle.  This  was  certified  by  I'epi)errell  himself  and  by 
Waldo,  Moore,  Lothrop  and  Clridlej'.  It  i^ix'cs  the  fi>llowinLj 
L^r.iphic  descriptiou  of  the  condition  of  the  fortress  when  l)u 
Chaml)on  surreiideretl  ; 

■'And  iiDW  ,  llic  '  inui'l  lliUtLry  hciiT^'iii  our  |iii«-cs^iiin,  the  Islniul  H.illLiy  I  e^itecnu'd 
liy  ilic  Fioiuh  Uic  I'all.Tliuiii  <if  I.ouisiiiniri,')  .-i>  iiuK-li  iimioyoil  rnim  dio  I,ii,'luliiiuse 
li:illcry,  ihal  tlicv  inuiil  not  eiitcriaiii  linpc  nl'  kcc]iiii^  it  iruii'!i  hm^i'i  ;  \hv  cnciiiy's 
nmtlica.st  InilkTy  lioiiii;  daniaiicd,  and  so  nuicli  cxpnscd  to  tlic  lire  from  our  a<lvaiux'd 
iMttciy,  that  they  could  not  -taiid  to  their  ijuns  :  tlio  cireuUir  l)attery  ruined,  and  all 
its  l;uiis  but  tlirc;  <li-inounteii,  ulicrohv  the  H.uliour  was  iH-anued  ol"  all  its  iirinei[ial 
hatleric^  ;  the  west  gate  ol"  the  eity  heiiiL;  detiioli.-hed,  and  a  breach  made  in  the 
adjoining  wail  ;  the  west  llaid<  of  the  King'-  I'.astion  almost  ruined;  and  most  of 
their  otlier  guns,  wliicii  had  been  m<iunted  during  the  time  of  the  siege  lieing 
-ilenced  ;  all  the  houses  and  other  Imilding^  within  the  cit}  (some  of  which  were 
i[uite  demolished)  so  dainageil,  that  Imt  one  among  ihein  was  left  unhurt  ;  the  enemy 
extremely  hariassed  by  tluir  long  conliiiemenl  uithin  tlieir  casemates,  and  other 
covered  holds,  and  their  slock  of  ammunition  being  almost  exhausted,  Mr.  1  >u 
Chambon  sent  out  a  llag  of  truce."' 

And    now   let  me  ask  vou  to  consider   with    me   for  .i  few 


■'■■ 'I'hi-  letter  is  in  .Series  7  of  the  <.'ollection  of  iiamphlets  of  the  New  York 
Ilistfirical  Society,  tn  the  New  \'ork  Slate  Library  and  the  l.enox  Library  it  i.s 
bound  in  a  sep.-.rate  volume.  See  also,  for  descri|itions  of  the  breaches  effected  in 
the  walls,  ( ien.  Roger  Wolcott's  Journal  of  the  .Siege  of  Louis! )oiu g  ;  Collections 
Comi.  Hist.  Soc.  \'ol.  I,  ]i.  133,  and  Pepperreirs  le'ter^  of  'May  28  and  June  iS  ; 
Collections  >L)ss.  Hist.  Soc.  N'ol.  I,  pp.  35,  47;  New  \'ork  l^cekly  J\isf- h'oy,  July 
I,  1745,  and   'J7l<:   iitiUuiiiiUt' s  Maga'iiii.  1745. 

Wolcott  ([ip.  137,138)  gives  L)u  Chambon's  answer  to  the  lirst  summons  to 
-urrenilcr.      It  is  as  follows  : 

••  l.eRoy  de  l-'rance,  le  none,  nous  ayant  ctiiilie  la  defense  de  la  dile  isle,  nous  ne 
pouvons  (|u'  apires  la  plus  vigoureuse  atlaque,  ecouler  une  semblable  proposition,  el 
nous  n'avons  de  reponse  a  faire  a  cetle  demande  que  par  la  bouche  de  nos  canons.'' 

Wolcott  adds  that  this  was  read  to  the  army  in  Kng!i>h,  and  they  answered 
"  lluzzah,  huzzah,  luizzah.'" 


moments  what  Ihc    1  .ouisbour;^  expedition  meant  to  the  world 

"*"  '743 

luirope   was   tin n   i'ni;aL;ed  in  a  selfish  and  iL,nioble  war — \n 

which  the  l.lood  of  the  citizen  was  shed  in  a  cau-e  that  had  little 

m.-re  t^  cc-mni'iid  it  than  ihc  (luarrel  of  pickpocket-    over  their 

anticipated  booty.     The  domains  of  Anstria  were  the  spoil   that 

was  fou;4ht  for.  and  the  only   ruler  on   the  continent  who  came 

out  of  it  with  honor  was  M.iria  Theresa.     The  troops  of  En-land 

chained  little  credit  in  tin  conflict.     Thc\-  cut  their  way  through 

at  I  )ettingen,  but  were  driven  back  by  Marshal  Saxeat  Fontenoy. 

So  feeble  was  the  flame  of  loyalty  to   the  reignin-  Hanoverian 

prince,  that  an  in\ading  arnn-  of  6000  Highlanders   marched  to 

within  12-    miles   of  London.     Had   their   leaders  not   faltered. 

they  would  probably  have  placed  Charles  Stuart  on  the  throne 

of  iiis  fathers.     Such  at  any   rate   is   Lord  ^Lahon's  conclusion. 

The  King  sent  his  treasure  on  board  ship,  and  was  ready  to  return 

to  h'\<  favorite  Hanover.     The  Duke  of  Newcastle  seriously  con- 

.sidered  whether  ii  were  not  wiser  to  gi\e  in  his  adhesion  to  the 

Stuarts.     Cambridge  dons  planned  a   pleasure   drix'e  to   see  the 

Scots  pass  by. 

To  such  an  indifferent,  time-serving  people,  the  news 
of  the  capture  of  Louisbourg  came  like  tidings  of  a  miracle. 
Xm  wonder  they  rang  their  bells  and  tired  their  cannon,  and 
lighted  up  Chcapside  anil  the  Strand.  Doubtless  many  a 
London  burgher  said  to  his  wife  that  if  Warren  had  commanded 
the  Channel  tieet  or  Pcpperrell  the  troops  on  land,  the  French 
st|uadron  would  have  been  destroyed,  and  the  Chevalier  would 
never  have  crossed  the  Tweed. 

Ves.  Dryden  might  scoff  at  the  religious  ardor  of  the  New 
England  people,  and  exclaim  : 

••    I'rulh  i.-,  our  land  willi  .•);uiil>  is  so  "uii  u"cr. 
And  every  age  produces  such  a  store, 
That  now  there's  need  of  two  New  England-  m -ic." 

But  the>-  had  within  their  breasts  such  a  sense  of  the  reality 
of  eternal  things  that  the\-  cared  little  for  the  hardships  of  the 
present.  "  They  endured,  as  .seeing  Him  who  is  invisible." 
The\-  might  be  zealots,  but  they  were  neither  cowurds  nor 
marauders. 


The  men  who  stood  in  tlie  trenches  ;it  Louisbourt^  or 
(Ir;i;4i;ecl  their  cannon  across  its  ir.orasses  were  the  best  men  of 
their  colonics.  They  came  hither  inspired  by  no  L^reed  for  con- 
t|uest.  Their  expedition  was  really  a  defensive  one.  Their 
commerce  had  been  assailed,  their  frontier  settlements  ra\a<,'ed 
by  hostile  Indians,  their  wi\es  and  children  mas.sacred  or  carried 
into  captivity.  Louisbouri;  was  the  harbor  where  the  French 
privateers  found  refii^^e,  and  whence  maraudin^f  expeditions 
sailietl  forth.*  Its  massive  walls  were  twenty-five  \'cars  in 
buildinj;.  Time  has  dealt  hardly  with  these,  but  their  ruins  still 
bear  witness  to  what  was  called  at  the  time,  the  Dunkirk  of 
America.  The  harbor  which  the\-  covered  you  behold  before 
\'ou,  landlocked  and  secure  from  the  storms  of  this  rockbound 
coast.  The  Island  Battery  and  the  Grand  Battery  barred  all 
hostile  entrance.  And  the  citv  had  maijazines  from  which  all 
Canada  mii^dit  be  supplied. 

The  immediate  occasion  of  the  Louisbourg  expedition  was 
an  appeal  for  aid  from  Nova  Scotia.  In  the  archives  of  that 
province  you  will  find  a  letter  from  Governor  Mascarene  (him- 
self a  descendant  of  the  banished  llui^uenots)  to  Governor 
Shirley,  of  Massachusetts.  It  was  written  at  Aimapolis  Royall, 
December,  1744.  In  this  your  G<n'crnor  tells  the  story  of  the 
outbreak  of  war,  "  thoui;h  no  orders  yet  from  home  to  oroclaim 
it."  The  fort  at  Annapolis  was  ruinous ;  but  inmiediately 
soldiers  and  civilians,  English  and  French,  set  to  work  to  repair 
it.  The  hostile  Indians  swarmed  up  to  the  glacis  and  set  fire  to 
the  town.  They  were  for  a  time  dislodged  by  Artillery ;  but 
soon  Duvivier,  sent  by  the  Governor  of  Louisijourg,  appeared 
with  a  force  of  French  and  Indians,  and  summoned  the  fort  to 
surrender.  Reinforcements  from  Massachusetts  opportunely 
arrived.  The  brave  Mascarenc  refused  to  capitulate.  But  he 
felt  that  he  could  not  hold  the  fort  much  longer  without  further 


*  Grahame  (Histon-  of  North  America,  \'ol.  3,  p.  265)  says  :  "  So  many  mer- 
chant vessels  were  captured  and  carried  into  [.(luisliourg  in  the  course  of  this  sumnier 
(1744)  that  it  was  expected  that  in  the  following  year  no  branch  of  maritime  trade 
would  be  pursued  by  the  New  England  merchants,  exce]it  under  the  protection  of 
convoy."  See  also  Prince's  Sermon  in  the  Old  South  on  the  Day  of  Thanksgiving 
for  the  Surrender,  pp.  19-23.  Letter,  James  Alexander  to  Cadwallader  Colden, 
March  10,  1745,  MS.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc. 


It 


iisbouri,'  or 
'>t  men  of 
ti  for  coii- 
'le.     Thcir 

<  >r  carried 
i"-'  French 
xpeditions 

\'cars    in 

i-iiins  still 

nil  kirk    of 

'•Iti    before 

i"ockboiMid 

liarretl  all 

which  all 

dition  was 
es  of  that 
'■one  (him- 
Governor 
is  Royall, 
■>ry  of  the 
'  proclaim 
mediately 

to  repair 
'Ct  fire  to 
lory;  but 
ai)peared 
le  fort  to 
)ortunely 

Hut  he 
t  further 


many  mer- 
liis  sunimer 
time  trade 
itectijii  of 
anksgiving 
-r  Colden. 


aid,  and  wrote  to  Go\ernor  Shirle\'  for  succor.     In  ihr  ■'i)rin|4  it 
came. 

The  honor  of  sm^ge.stin;^^  the  I.ouisbourL,^  expedition  ha.s 
bi:en  claimetl  b\'  several.  l'robal)ly  the  thouj^ht  occurred  to 
more  than  one.  The  New  I-Jii^land  peojjle  were  ripe  for  the 
attempt.  Their  state  of  mind  at  the  time  is  well  describei.1  by 
Belknap,  tlu'  historian  of  New  Hampshire:* 

"  'I'licie  are  certain  hitriil  sparks  in  human  nature  uliitli,  I'V  a  lulli.sion  of  causes. 
are  sometimes  l)rouglil  to  light,  and,  wlien  "nee  excited,  their  operations  are  not  easily 
controlled.  In  uiutertakint^  anything  hazardous,  there  is  a  necessity  for  extr.iordinary 
vigor  of  mind  and  a  degree  of  conlidence  and  fortitude  which  shall  raise  us  above 
the  dread  of  danger  and  <li«|iose  us  to  run  a  risk  ".vliicli  t!ie  cold  maxims  of  prudence 
would  forbid.  The  people  of  New  England  have  at  various  times  shown  ^uch  an 
enthusiastic  ardor,  wliicli  has  been  excited  by  the  example  of  tl'.eir  ancestors  and  their 
own  exposed  situation.  It  was  never  more  apparent,  and  perha[is  never  more  neces- 
sary, than  on  occasion  of  this  expedition.  Nor  ought  it  to  be  forgotten  that  several 
circumstances,  which  did  not  depend  on  human  foresight,  greatly  favored  this 
undertaking."  ■ 

The  General  Court  of  INIas.sachusetts  decided,  on  January 
29,  by  a  majority  of  one  vote,  to  undertake  the  expedition.  Im- 
mediately preparations  were  matle  with  the  utmost  speed.  Those 
wh')  had  opposed  the  plan,  because  of  its  dany;er,  vied  with  its 
supporters  in  activity  to  promote  its  success.  So  unremittinj^ 
was  this  activity,  so  ardent  was  the  zeal  o{  the  colonists,  that 
more  men  volunteered  than  could  be  accepted,  and  on  ]\Iarch  24 
the-  General  L;;i\e  his  siyjnal  for  sailing.! 

It  is  iu)t  siir[)risin;4"  that  the  enterprise  should  have  aroused 
the  enthusiasm  of  men  like  the  colonists  of  that  tlay.  They 
were  the  most  resolute  and  fearless  of  a  resolute  and  fearless  race. 
Religious  zeal  had  led  some  to  this  country.  Love  of  ailventure 
had  influenced  others.  They  were  inured  to  hardship  by  con- 
stant strui^gle  with  natiu-e.  The}-  had  built  their  own  houses 
and  their  own  ships,  had  cleared  forests  and  plous^hed  fields. 

The  e.xi<rcncy  of  their  situation  had  made  them  read}-  for 
any  emergency.  There  were  few  factories  in  America,  and  the 
necessaries  of  life  were  largely  supplied  by  the  industry  of  the 
hamlets.     The  embroidered  waistcoats  and  purple  coats  of  the 

*  Vol.  II,  p.  160. 

t  "Memoirs,  rrincipal  'transactions  l.ate  War'  (IJo-ton,  175S)  p.  j8.  Dr. 
Chauncey's  "Thanksgiving  l)ay  Sermon,"  ji.  14. 


ntry,  as  you  sec  ihc-in  in  the  i)i>i-lraits  of  Cdple)-  and  Siii}-I)cit, 


caiiU'  h'di 


11  liniiir.  as  I'liT'laiul  still  w 


IS  called 


Hut  the  "aniiciits 


tl 


ic  :-ail<)rs  ami    taniici": 


wliM    hattL-rcd    down    tin. 


wal 


l^ouishouru,  Nwrc  woven  .irount 


tl 


u-ii'  firesides 


in  ih 


e  loll'''  winter 


cveiiin;^'s.  The  modern  subdivision  of  labor  increases  its  produc- 
ti\-eness,  but  diminishes  the  dexteritj-  i^f  the  indi\-idiial  in  any 
line  l)ut  his  own. 

\nd  then  we  niu.-.t  remember  tliat  the  people  iA'  t  lu'  thiiteiii 

|)eople.      'J"he_\-  dwelt 
iloii'j;  the  Atlantic   coast. 


CfMonies  were  .i  commercial  and   seatarim 


in   a   n.irr 


rh 


I  iW 


^trii 


aiul   cxtendnu 


The  American   c 


rew  o 


f 


•oy  s  aml)itioii  was  to  ^o  to  sea.  i  lie  .vmencan  ere 
the  new  American  steamer,  the  S/.  Lciiis,  a  few  da^^s  a^o  struck 
foj-  hi^lier  wa^es.  But  in  those  da_\'s  the  captain  often  owned 
the  ship,  and  e'ery  sailor  expeclt.'d  to  become  a  ca])taiii.  I'ep- 
perrelTs  f.itlier  coinmaiKled  a  shi[)  before  he  owned  one.  I'lie 
mariner  hoped  for  ai!\ancement,  not  from  fiL^htiiiL;  hi--  owner,  but 
h'om  successful  trade,  or  the  capture  of  ;i  Spanish  galleon,  laden 
with  the  sil\-er  of  i'otosi  or  of  .^^e\•ico.  Not  onl}'  \ew  ^'oIi;  and 
])ostoii,  but  Salem  and  Marblehead,  Portsmouth  and  Kitter_\', 
Were  thri\iiit;-  commercial  towns.  Indeed,  in  I'epperrell's  da\-, 
Portsmouth  and  ixittery  had  as  lar^e  a  commerce  as  New  \'ork. 
Pepperrell  himse'll  i  v\  iied  a  hiindi'cd  x'essels,  and  carried  the 
cross  ot  St.  GeorL^e  to  e\-er)-  port  on  tin.'  Atlantic  and  Metliter- 
ranean  where  colonial  ships  had  entr.mce. 

Pwa)  other  characteristics  of  that  .America  remains  to  be 
noticed — religious  zeal  and  martial  spirit,  (jrahame  well  de- 
scribes the  fer\-or  of  the  former. '■' 

" 'I'Ik  i-anic-l  rxpoi  Irtliiiii  lli.il  in-Tvadcii  Xk'w  l'.ni;l.Ti<l  w.t-.  al  (incc  >iistain(.'il  and 
regulated  l)y  reliL;;'iiu>  >eiuiiiKMU.  I'a^t^  ami  jirayors  impi  il  the  (iiviiv-  lilcssiiii;  on 
tli'j  ciucrinise  ;  and  ili'.' pooiilc  and  llicir  riileis,  liaving  cxiiau.slud  all  llii.'  resouivcs 
of  human  endeavor,  and  girded  the  chiiiee.st  of  them  for  battle,  now  souijht  to  pre- 
pare llieir  minds  for  either  loitiUK>'.^;-  diiijient  addre>.s  to  die  ijreat  souri'e  of  hojie  and 
eonsolation,  and  awaited  the  re--ull  with  an\iou~.  and  -uhmis-ivi-  awe,  or  with  >tern  eom- 
posine  and  eontideiiee."' 

Candiir  compels  me  to  iidmit  that  this  zeal  was  often  disfio- 


■  History  of  North  Ameriea,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  275.  In  General  Woleolt'.s  Journal 
of  the  ,Siet;e,  after  sununint;  up  the  part  taken  hy  .Shirley,  Pepperrell  aii<l  Warren,  he 
adds;  (|i.  157).  "  lliii  why  do  1  sjieak  of  men;  it  is  (lod  has  done  il.  and  the 
]>raise  lielon^s  to  him  alone.  ( iod  heaiini,'  the  prayers  of  hi-  peo|ile.  |i\  inan\'  sii,rnal 
instaiue-  of  nierey,  has  led  lis  on  .rom  step  to  step  to  victory. " 


9 


1(1  Sniyhert, 

c  walls  of" 
li'n_L;;  winter 
it-^  l)n)(Iiic- 
iial    in   ;in_\' 

Ik:  tJiirtccn 
riicy  dwelt 

iitic  coast, 
m  crew  of 
a.i;(>  struck 
;cn  owiuhI 
ain.      Pcp- 

'nc,  The 
'Uiier,  Init 
-'Oil,  laden 
^'<»rl;  and 
i  Kittery, 
'cll's  da)-, 
ew  \'()rk, 
iri-ied   the 

Medilei-- 

ns    to   be 
well    de- 


istainod  and 
hlessin^r  an 
1-'   resoiiii'us 

^llt    lO     ]llf- 

I'  lii'iic  and 
I  sicrii  cdin- 


:n  disfi<r. 


:'■>  Jiainial 
iVancii,  he 
il.  and  tlic 
iiiiy  .sii,Mial 


ured  l.y  bi^nitr\-  and  intolerance.  These  were  the  n.atural  olT- 
sprini^  ot"  so-called  roliL,nous  wars.  A  man  whose  house  had 
been  burned  o\H'r  his  head,  and  himself  and  children  dri\en  out 
into  the  snow  to  hee/.e  c  -tar\-e,  natui'a!l\-  concei\ed  rancor  tor 
the  faith  under  who-  lominal  hiddiiiL;"  his  foes  were  actini;-. 
When  we  read  the  story  of  Till\-  and  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  we 
wonder  th.il  lo\e  and  charity  remained  at  all  anion;^  men.  It  i- 
hartl  for  us  to  realize  the  intensity  of  religious  aMin.iosit)-  in  tho--e 
da>-s.  In  our  time  l)i;4otr)'  still  lingers,  but  onl\-  as  Bun_\-an 
describes  it  in  the  Pilgrims'  Progress — with  ])aNieti  hand  and 
toothless  iaw%  grinning  at  the  jiilgrims  ,is  they  pass  ])y.  In  1745 
it  was  a  passion,  in  Canad.i  and  Xew  haiglaiid  alike.  The  Chap- 
lain of  one  of  the  regiments  took  a  hatchet  to  cut  down  the 
Popish  images,  as  he  calls  them.  And  ( iioson  in  his  interesting 
journal  of  the  expedition,  does  not  deign  to  speak  of  the  French 
places  of  worship  as  churches,  but  styles  them  "  Mass-houses," 
ami  evidently  took  a  keen  delight  in  making  l)on-fires  of  them. 

F,'.|ually  strong  was  the  martial  artloi-  of  the  time.  Peace 
was  tr.msient,  war  freipient.  (  )f  this  the  literature  and  doeimients 
of  those  d.iys  al'ford  countless  illustrations.  Let  me  di-aw  _\-our 
attention  to  one.  In  a  memoir  prepared  in  1773  bv  the  head 
of  a  noble  French  famil)-,  the  Chevrdier  de  Repehtign\-,  he  sax's  :* 
"  In  i(i.>2,  inv  <^rcat-,i.jrcal-i;i-andfatluM-  went  to  Canada,  « iUi  the  cliarj:;e  ot'  airnni- 
panyiiiy  families  of  iiis  province,  in  ordL-i-  to  e^tatili>h  ihat  l-  )lony,  in  \\liic:li  hv  liiniself 
settled.  Since  that  cijoch  we  iiave  fuini.shed  to  the  corps  of  Hoops  wiiich  -erved  there 
fifiy  oiiicer.s  of  the  -aine  name,  of  which  nioie  than  one  half  ha>  ]ieri-hed  in  tiie  war; 
my  father  auirmenled  the  number  of  them  in  177;,  ;  my  grandfather  \\a-  the  etl.-t  of 
twent\  -three  lirother-.  all  in  tlie  .--ervice.  (  ine  >on  alone  remain-  of  lliat  numerou> 
family 

.Such  cases  were  not  uncommon  either  in  Canatla  or  the 
Rritis'i  cojonie.-.  With  all  their  commeicial  spirit  the  colonists 
were  a  militar)-  peo[)le.  The\-  were  warlike  and  hardy,  thotigh 
not  fimiliar  with  the  mo\emi'nls    of  disciplined   armies  t     Some 

*  l\  S.  \,  kepenti^'iiy,  5  Wall.,  I.  .S.  Rep.  JJN.  1  laniel  WehMcr.  in  hi-  oration 
Ik  fore  the  Historical  Society,  was  one  of  the  inst  to  draw  attention  to  ihc  law  reports 
as  containing  materials  for  history. 

r  In  tiic  iNew  Knj.jland  ///.«/er/o?.'  AV-v.fAv-,  Vol.  .WII,  p.  ^^'^.  1'.  K.  iUnune 
thus  (lescrihos  the  Maine  companies  :  "  In  the  previous  jnciian  wars,  these  men  had 
l)een  imued  to  danger  of  every  kind,  and  their  children  did  not  lack  the  spirit  and 
fortitude  of  their  fathers.  They  couM  liv  e  on  the  poore-t  f.ne.  fighting  had  luen 
the  emplovmenl  of  a  good  portion  of  their  live-,  and  they  tlierelore  readily  embarked 
on  thi- hazardous  expedition. " 


lO 

relics  of  those  days  (if  conflict  still  remain  to  tell  the  story  of 
anxious  nights  and  watchful  daws,  l^lock-houscs  that  the  colo- 
nists built  for  defense  may  still  be  seen  in  the  neJL^hborhood 
of  Vork  and  Kittery.  The  custom  that  prevailed  in  New  Eng- 
Luul,  that  the  father  should  sit  at  the  head  of  the  pew,  originated 
in  the  days  when  e\"er\-  man  took  his  firelock  to  church,  and  was 
ready  to  turn  out  at  a  moment's  notice  to  repel  the  attack  of  the 
savages/' 

Thus  ha\e  I  tried  to  sketch  the  characteristics  of  the  Ameri- 
cans of  1745.  In  times  of  peril  such  characteristics  alwa)  s  find 
embodiment  in  a  leader.  It  is  common  and  easy  to  say  that 
great  men  are  but  the  expression  of  their  time  and  lead  it  only 
in  the  sense  that  the  spray  leads  the  billow.  That  is  but  half  the 
truth.  When  God  gives  to  mankind  the  inestimable  gift  of  a 
great  man,  he  does,  it  is  true,  represent  the  spirit  of  his  age.  But 
he  leads  it,  as  the  moon  docs  the  tides.  1  lappy  the  people  who 
appreciate  such  a  man  and  are  filled  by  his  spirit,  as  the  bay  of 
l-'undy  in  every  creek  and  inlet  is  filled  by  the  advancing  flood. 
It  was  fortunate  for  the  colonies  that  in  the  emergency  of  1745 
there  was  a  leader  u  hom  they  trusted,  and  who  was  wise  enough 
to  discard  the  visionary  schemes  of  others;  brave  enough  to  face 
the  \eterans  of  France,  intrenched  behind  the  walls  which  the 
skill  and  experience  of  Vauban  had  planned,  and  self-sacrificing 
enough  to  lea\'e  home  and  business,  and  all  that  maile  life 
pleasant  and  sweet,  to  endure  the  hardship  and  i)eril  of  this 
expedition  which  Parkman  calls  "  a  mad  scheme  " — but  which 
P'jp,perre'l  and  his  followers  dared  to  undertake. 


*  I  he  ballads  of  tlie  tiiiiL-  -iln'W  that  tlioe  cliaracteiistics  were  appreciateil. 
Dawson's  IIisti>ri(al  Maga/ino,  \'ol,  Il.jiagi.'  5,  ■|Uiilcs  a  ballad  about  ( iovL'inor 
Law,  of  (Unnccticul : 

"  I. ike  Saiaceiis,  Saints  soldiers  make, 
And  [irove  their  laith  by  lighting.'" 

Aiid  some  rude  rhymes  given  in  Caulkin's  IIi>iiiry  (if  \(irwieli,  |i,  220,  after 
deseriliing  to  the  tune  of  \'aidxee  iJoodle  the  prowess  of  ('olonel  Lothnip,  one  of  the 
l.oui^liourg  cifficers,  and  saying  that  he  was  "  iiold  as  Alexander,"    eonclude  : 

"  Colonel  Lolioji,  staiuuh  and  line. 
Was  never  known  to  baulk  it  ; 
And  when  he  was  engaged  in  trade 
He  always  tilled  his  poekel." 


I 


1 1 


ic  story  of 
it  the  colo- 
L,diborhood 
New  Eng- 
,  originated 
:h,  and  was 
tack  of  the 

tlie  Ameri- 
xl\va\  >  find 
0  say  that 
:ad  it  only 
)ut  half  the 
le  gift  of  a 
s  age.  But 
leople  who 
he  bay  of 
cing  flood, 
cy  of  1745 
ise  enough 
ugh  to  face 

which  the 
"-sacrificing 

nKKJe  life 
M-il  of  this 
•but  which 


•  appreciated. 
)nut   (iovenior 


,  p.   220,  after 
)p,  one  ot"  the 

L-hule  : 


I  could  not  do  justice  to  the  occasion  or  the  subject  if  I 
failed  to  speak  for  a  moment  of  his  remarkable  career.  He  was 
a  notable  instance  of  the  versatility  and  adaptiveness  which  the 
life  of  those  days  compelled.  He  was  a  successful  merchant, 
lie  was  a  gallant  soldier,  accustomed  from  early  youth  to  draw 
the  sword  in  defense  of  his  home  and  country.  He  had  been  in 
actual  service  against  the  Indians  before  he  was  twenty-one.  It 
might  have  been  said  of  him,  as  it  was  of  Wolfe,  that  he, 

"  Where'er  he  fought. 
I'ut  so  much  of  his  heart  into  his  act, 
That  his  example  had  a  magnet's  force. 
And  all  were  swift  to  follow,  whom  all  loved.' ' 

He  was  for  twenty-nine  years  chief  justice  of  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas  for  Maine.  He  was  an.  active  and  conspicuous 
member  of  His  Majesty's  Council  for  the  colony  of  Massa- 
chusetts. It  is  but  just  to  him  to  add  that  his  religion  was  not 
disfigured  by  bigotry  or  intolerance.  It  was  an  evident  power 
in  his  life,  but  it  always  respected  the  rehgion  of  others. 

And  now  let  me  return  to  the  story  of  the  expedition  itself 
I  will  not  dwell  upon  its  details.  Representatives  of  societies 
from  various  States  have  spoken  of  what  each  colony  did  to  pro- 
mote its  success.  Massachusetts  (which  then  included  Maine) 
certainly  did  the  most.  She  was  the  richest  and  most  populous. 
But  New  Hampshire  and  Connecticut  did  much,  and  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Rhode  Island  and  Pennsylvania  came  forward  to 
aid,  though  no  troops  of  theirs  were  in  the  trenches.  .\  Rhode 
Island  sloop  of  war  rendered  essential  service. 

When  wc  remember  how  difficult  communication  between 
the  colonies  was  at  the  time  of  which  we  are  speaking,  we  shall 
wonder  that  they  acted  so  much  in  concert — not  that  they  did 
nf)  more.  The  mails  were  infrequent — roads  were  poor.  Often- 
times the  travelers  in  a  stage  coach  were  obliged  to  get  out  and 
lift  the  wheels  out  of  mud  in  which  they  sunk  to  the  hubs.  No 
one  had  even  dreamed  of  railroad  or  electric  telegraph.  The 
wonderful  power  of  steam  was  unknown.  It  will  help  us  to 
realize  the  obstacles  which  beset  any  concerted  action  on  the 
part  of  the  colonies  when  we  remember  that  even  in  the  old 
mother  country  roads  were  so  bad,  and  the  transmission  of  in- 
tellitrcnce  so  slow,  that  the  Chevalier  had  been  in  Scotland  nearly 


12 

three  weeks  before  the  news  readied  Edinbiir_L,^h.  The  tidings  of 
the  surrender  of  I.ouisbourL;  did  not  reach  Bi)>ton  until  July  3, 
sixteen  days  after  the  event,  and  were  first  known  in  New 
York  a  week  later. 

Such  were  the  difficulties  that  our  fathers  liad  to  face.  Vet 
withal  they  liad  encoura;j^ement.  Providence  had  fuored  tlieir 
cause.  The  harvest  of  1  744  had  been  abundant,  the  winter  was 
mild,  the  frontiers  of  New  l'.n_L,dand  had  been  unmolested,  unex- 
pected supplies  arrived  from  Great  Britain.  The  Cirand  l^attery 
was  not  well  fortified  on  the  land  s-'de.  The  cit\'  had  deprived 
itself  of  provisions  to  furnish  the  l-~,ast  India  Heet  and  squadron 
for  its  recent  \oya;4e  to  France, and  the  Jli^i/itiift,  which  brought 
su]iplies,  was  captured  by  Warren.*  The  weather  during  the 
siege  was  generally  fine.  The  colonial  troops  captured  in  the 
Grand  Battery,  and  fished  up  at  the  careening  basin  the  lieavy 
cannon  which  they  needed. 

l^ut  all  thi^se  would  have  a\ailed  nothing  had  it  not  been  for 
the  courage,  the  perseverance,  the  aptitude  of  the  men  who  took 
advantage  of  these  favoring  circumstances,  and  brought  their 
fleet  of  100  vessels,  with  the  little  army  of  4030  men,  safely  to 
Canseau.  There  to  their  great  delight,  on  April  23,  appeared 
Warren's  squadron. -'  Thence  they  sailed  to  Louisbourg;  on 
April  30,  the  troops  landed,  and  after  se\en  weeks  of  toil  and 
peril,  diversified,  as  \vc  learn,  when  the  soUliers  were  off  duty,  by 
games  and  sports,  the  fortress  was  theirs. 

Their  hartlihooil   and  daring  are    described  in  the  words  of 


•'  MciiKiiv.s,  ]'riin.iii;il  'l'r;iii'.;nli(>ii>  I. ale  War  (llnslon,  17581.  pp.  _;i,   52. 

t  Ihis  lluL't  was  (if  (jssL-iuial  .service  ;  noi  only  in  l)loL■i^a(lillg  the  port,  and  thus 
cutlintj  oil  sup])lie.s  (o  ilie  jrarrison,  l>ul  in  furnisiiinL;  -iipplies  to  the  liesiej^ers.  May 
2(1,  Warren  writes  1..  I'l^pperreil  : 

"  It  is  very  Iucl<y  that  we  can  spare  you  some  powder.  I  am  told  you  had  not 
a  yr.iin  left.''  Ai^ain  on  June  0,  (leii.  Ro^er  W'oicoti  wriio-  in  liis  Journal  :  "  \Ve 
found  our  animuTiition  so  I'ai  -peiii  thai  the  orders  were  ijiveii  to  ilie  batteries  to  cea.se 
tirinj,'.''  ( )n  the  8th  tliu}-  i,'ot  a  sujiply  I'loiu  tiie  >''ip-.  1  ( ■oimecticiit  Iliil.  Soc. 
Ci.iileetions,  X'ol.  1,  jip,  1^2,  13^. 

The  lleet  was  sometime-.,  however,  ahiio^t  cut  oil  irom  the  shore  liy  tlie  I'ojjs. 
Warren  writes  lo  repperreil.  May  29  (Mass.  Hist.  ^oc.  < 'oUeciion>,  ],  p.   ^7). 

•'  I  have  been  now  three  days  in  a  foi;,  that  !  could  not  r.ee  the  lenijth  Lif  my 
ship  nor  one  of  my  si|uadron.  When  that  is  tlie  ease  I  look  upon  myself  lo  lie  as  far 
from  vou  as  if  I  were  at  l!o>lon," 


M 


1 


e  tidincrs  of 
ntil  July  3, 
n    ill     Xew 

0  face.   \'ct 
oied   their 

kvinter  was 
sted,  unex- 
nd  Battery 
d  deprived 

1  squadron 
;li  brought 
iuring  tlie 
red  in  the 
the  heavy 

ot  been  for 
w  ho  took 
light  their 
I,  safely  to 
,  appeared 
30urg;  on 
f  toil  and 
T  dut\-,  by 

-  words  of 


ort,  and  tliiis 
-ie,c;eis.    May 

you  had  nut 
inal  :  "  We 
ones  to  cease 
t    Ili^t.    .Soc. 

liy   llie   fugs. 

•  o7). 

eni;lh  of  my 
t  to  be  as  far 


one  i>r  the  gallant  French  garrison  as  repeated  by  Gibson  in  the 
journal  before  mentioned:  ' 

"  Thi^  gentleman,  1  -ny.tolil  nie  that  lie  had  not  had  his  clothes  ol'f  liis  hack,  eiilicr 
\j\  niuht  iT  day.  fnini  the  lir-t  tionnnenceni'-iUnf  the  siege.  He  aiMed.  inoreox  er,  that 
in  all  tlie  liistcjiies  he  liad  ever  read,  he  never  met  with  .m  instaiice  o(  so  hold  and 
presunipiuous  an  attemiH  ;  that  'twas  almost  imiTacticaMe.  as  anyone  tonld  think,  for 
onlv  three  or  foin- tlinusand  law.  undisciplined  men  to  lay  siege  to  »uch  a  stn^iig,  well- 
fouilied  city,  such  garrisons,  batteries,  etc.  For  should  anyone  have  asked  me, 
-aid  he.  what  number  of  men  woidd  ha\e  been  sufficient  to  have  carried  on  that  very 
enterprise,  he  should  have  answered  not  less  than  thirty  thousand.  To  this  1-e  sui)- 
jr.iiu-d  that  he  never  heard  of  or  ever  saw  such  courage  and  intrepidity  in  such  a 
handful  of  men,  who  regardecl  neitiier  shot  nor  Ix-mbs.  lUit  what  was  -till  more 
surjirising  than  all  the  rest,  he  -aid.  was  this,  namely,  to  see  batterie-  raised  in  a 
night's  time,  and  more  [.articuiarly  llie  I'ascine  battery,  which  was  not  live-ami  twenty 
r^'ds  from  the  city  wall  ;  arul  to  -ee  guns  that  were  forty-two  pounders  dragged  by 
the  Knglidi  from  their  grand  b.utery,  notwithstanding  it  was  two  miles  .listant,  at 
lea-t,  ;nid  the  road,  too,  very  rough." 

The  tidings  of  the  surrender  were  received  throughout  the 
colonies  with  the  ulin<ist  enthusiasm.  The  contemporary 
accounts  are  too  graphic  not  to  be  quoted  : 

"  Now  the  clnu-1  and  the  niggard  became  generous,  and  even  the  [.oor  forgot  their 
poverty,  and  in  the  evening  the  whole  town  (Boston)  appeared.  a>  it  were,  i  ;  a  bla/e. 
almost  every  liouse  being  lincly  illuminated. 

•'At  night  the  whole  city  (Xew  York)  was  splendidly  illuminaied,  and  the  great- 
est demonstration  of  joy  appeared  in  every  man's  countenance  upon  hearing  the  good 
newv.l" 

■  (libson's  "Journal  of  tlu-  Siege,"  p.  27. 

I'arkman  ("  Half  a  Century  of  Conipiest."  vol.  H.  p.  115)  gives  the  name  of 
the  I'lench  oHicer  who  coimnanded  the  lirst  French  sortie  as  Moqiain.  (iibson  says 
that  his  informant  was  this  commander. 

sir  Adams  Archiliald,  m  his  very  interesting  pajwr  on  the  ••  First  .^icge  and 
Capture  of  I.ouisbourg  "  ("Royal  Society  of  t.an.ada,"  1SS7,  vol.  \,  p.  .v5  ),  gives 
the  name  a.s  Mor[ien.  v 

t  Xew  \'ork  IVcek/y  Po;f  Bow  July  15,  1745. 

Tn  the  same  paper,  a  week  later,  the  local  poet  thus  gave  expression  to  the 
general  jubilation  ; 

OV    THE   T.\K1NG   Of   CAl'K   HRETON. 

When  glorious  .\nne  Britannia's  sceptre  sway'd 
And  Lewis  strove  all  Europe  to  invade, 
Creal  Marlborough  then,  in  Blenheim's  hostile  fields. 
With  Britain's  sons,  o'erthrew  the  tiallic  siiield-. 

I  he  Western  world  and  I'epp'rell  now  may  claim 
.\s  etpial  honour  and  as  la-ting  faip.e ; 
And  Warren'-  merit  will  in  story  last. 
Till  I'litme  ages  have  forgot  the  past. 


Id 


There  is  a  lesson  in  the  recollection  that  the  leader  of  the 
p-allant  band  was  the  richest  man  in  North  .-\nicrica.  He  recoGT- 
nized  the  responsibility  of  his  position  and  knew  that  wealth  is 
a  power  which  its  possessor  should  use  for  the  public  good  and 
not  debase  to  his  own  selnsh  enjoyment.  Horace,  in  one  of  his 
inimitable  satires,  which  Pope  has  admirably  reproduced  in  the 
dress  of  Marlborough's  day,  expresses  the  conviction  that  the 
rich  man  will  leave  to  others  the  toils  and  dai'gers  of  war.  He 
cries  :  "  Let  him  take  castles  who  has  ne'er  a  groat."  The 
councillor  and  merchant  of  1745  was  of  a  diiferent  mini'.  Let 
his  example  stand  for  our  tinij  and  for  all  time,  and  rciiiind  our 
millionaires  and  landed  proprietors  of  their  duty  and  responsi- 
bility to  their  country  and  their  fellow  men. 

And  now,  let  us  pause  for  a  moment  and  ask  what  was  the 
result  of  this  expedition.  Do  its  consequences  merit  a  monu- 
ment ?  At  first  sight,  apparently  not.  The  capture  of  Louis- 
bourg  is  one  of  those  historical  e\ents  which  was  fruitful  of 
great  results,  but  which,  for  the  most  part,  are  slow  in  germi- 
nation. Immediately  it  secu.  -d  the  codfishery  to  the  colonists 
for  three  years  ;  it  cut  the  Frencn  fishermen  off  from  the  Banks 
for  a  like  period ;  it  destroyed  the  French  Atlantic  trade  for 
1745  ;  it  gave  the  English  a  prize  which  enabled  them  to  buy 
back  ^^'\dras  at  the  treat)-  of  Aix  la  Chapelle.*  India  was  more 
valuable  in  the  eyes  of  the  Duke  of  Newcastle  than  all  the 
Atlantic  colonies. 

But  the  remote  consequences  of  this  expedition  far  trans- 
cend in  importance  these  immediate  ones.  It  was  a  school  of 
arms  for  the  colonial  troops.  Gridley,  who  planned  the  parallels 
and  tre'hches  at  Loui.sbourg,  laid  out  also  the  fortifications  of 
l^unker  Hill.  Pomroy,  who  was  major  in  one  of  the  Massachu- 
setts regiments,  and  whose  skill  as  ;>  gunsmith  stood  him  in 
good  stead  when  he  repaired  the  spiked  cannon  in  the  Grand 
Battery,  rode,  in  1775,  from  Northampton  at  the  riews  of  impend- 
ing hostilities,  strode  across  the  neck  at  Bunker  Hill,  and  was 
greeted   by  Putnam  with  words  which  express   the  temper  of 


*  Bourinot,  "Cape  Broton  and  its  Memorials  of  tlie  Fiencli  Regime."'  Puhli- 
liiliuns  Rijyal  Society  of  (  aiiada,  iSi)i,  Vo'.  I.\,  \^.  226.  This  contains  a  most  interest- 
ing accouiu  of  tl'e  exjieditiMn.  See  also  "  Memoirs,  Principal  Transactions  Late 
War."   pp.  ,?5,  52. 


i 


cadcr  of  the 
He  rccog- 
at  wealth  is 
ic  good  and 
1  one  of  liis 
Liced   in  the 
>n  that  the 
f  war.     He 
oat,"     The 
niiiu!      Let 
remind  our 
d  responsi- 

hat  was  the 
it  a  monu- 
i  of  Louis- 
fruitful  of 
V  in  gernii- 
e  colonists 
the  Banks 
:  trade  for 
cm  to  buy 
1  was  more 
i;in  all  the 

I  far  trans- 
.  school  of 
le  parallels 
cations  of 
Massachu- 
od  him  in 
the  Grand 
3f  imj)end- 
I,  and  was 
cmper  of 

iiiie."  I'ubli- 
iiost  interest- 
actions  Late 


many  a  man  in  1745,  as  well  as  thirty  years  after;  "By  God. 
Pomroy,  you  here  !  A  cannon  shot  would  wakeri  \'ou  out  of 
your  grave  !  " 

Its  success  showed  the  colonies  their  power  and  the  neces- 
sity for  their  union.  It  showed  them,  too.  that  in  the  councils  of 
Great  Britain  their  affairs  were  of  minor  importance.  This  was  a 
dreadful  shock  to  the  loyal  love  of  the  old  home  which  then  was 
general  in  the  colonics.  On  the  other  hand,  the  capture  of  Louis- 
hourg  pointed  out  to  William  Pitt  the  possibility  of  the  conciuest 
of  the  whole  of  Canada,  and  paved  the  way  for  that. 

In  the  next  war  Canada  was  conquered,  and  the  English 
colonists  freed  from  the  fear  of  attack  from  their  neighbor  on  the 
north.  The  expenses  of  this  war  and  the  consequent  demands 
of  the  British  exchequer,  leil  the  ministr\'  to  tax  the  colonies. 
America  resisted,  and  the  result  was  the  American  Revolution. 
By  an  extraordinary  turn  in  the  wheel  of  time,  the  French 
assisted  the  old  English  colonies  to  become  an  independent 
nation,  while  the  old  French  colonies  remained  the  property 
of  Great  Britain. 

This  Revolution  marks  an  epoch  in  the  history — not  only 
of  America,  but  of  Europe.  It  was  a  natural  evolution  from  the 
principles  of  Magna  Charta,  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act  and  the  Bill 
of  Rights.  The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  translated 
the.-^e  into  a  new  form  of  government.  The  influence  of  this  is 
to  be  seen  to-day  in  the  Constitution  of  Great  Britain,  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and  of  the  republic  of  France. 
These  great  gi)vernments  differ  in  many  respects.  Your 
own  Dominion,  with  all  its  distinctness  of  administration,  is 
a  part  of  the  British  empire.  But  it  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  the  distinctive  principles  of  freedom,  regulated  by  the 
so\-ereignty  of  law,  which  are  embodied  in  the  United  States  Con- 
stitution, are  more  dominant  in  Britain,  in  Canada  and  in  I'rance 
than  if  the  thirteen  colonies  had  remained  subject  to  the  British 
cvown. 

It  is  now  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  since  the  surrender 
of  Louisbourg.  It  is  one  hundred  and  twelve  years  since  the 
treaty  of  Paris  recognized  the  independence  of  the  L'nited  States 
and  confirmed  to  Great  Britain  the  possession  of  Canada.  Surely 
the  rancor  of  the  old  wars  ought  bv  this  time  to  be  burned  com- 


10 

|i!i:t(.';_\-  .  lit.  Surcl\-  \vc  can  now  a;4rcL'  that  flic  tlc\clopnicnt  of 
these  ci  ■untries  iluriivj,  all  that  tiiui:  ha-^  beiii  promoted  l)\-  the 
lesiili  lit"  those  iilcl  wars.  Ami  de.spite,  perhaps  partly  in  conse- 
i|iKiice  of  the  nuii^nitiule  and  costliness  of  the  tle-ets  and  armies 
of  to-da\-,  uc  ma_\'  be-lieve  that  the  ties  of  Christian  faith,  the 
links  of  mutual  trade,  th.e  bands  of  friendship,  the  swift  steamer, 
and  the  swifter  electric  current  luive  bound  us  so  closely  together 
that  luii^lish  and  iMcnch  and  American  armies  shall  never  more 
meet  on  the  battlefield.  We  \ie  in  the  jx'aceful  contests  of  art 
aiKl  -science,  and  will  settle  the  inevitable  disputes  by  arbitration. 
There  are  social  problems  before  us,  as  difficult  c>f  solution  as  any 
that  have  vexed  the  past.  The  \er\-  complication  of  the  inter- 
lacing nerves  of  our  mo(.lern  civilization,  which  offers  so  many 
obstacles  to  war  and  binds  nations  o\cr  to  keip  the  peace,  is 
producint;  disorders  and  dangers  within  each  State  that  require 
nicer  suri^erj-  than  that  of  the  sword  or  the  bayonet. 

It  is  then  with  faces  to  the  future  that  we  dedicate  tins 
monument  to  the  memory  of  all  the  Ijiave  men  who  fouL;ht  and 
fell  at  Lt)uisbour!4,  whether  under  the  Cross  of  St.  GeorL;e  or  the 
IJlies  of  France.  The  morninjr  sun  will  illumine  its  summit.  The 
sunset  ray  will  Ljild  its  massive  and  simple  outline.  The  storms 
and  foL^s  of  Cape  Breton  will  yalher  round  it,  h^  sunshine  and 
stonn  alike,  let  it  tell  to  all  mankijid  that  peace  has  her  \ictories, 
no  less  renowned  than  war,  that  the  courage  and  resolution  of  the 
fathers  live  in  dv^.  heaits  of  their  children,  that  we  an;  prepared 
to  face  the  conllict,  the  difficulties  and  the  perils  of  the  cominij 
century  in  firm  reliance  upon  the  orotecting  care  of  the  same 
Cod  wlv)  was  with  our  fathers  and  will  be  with  all  who  arc  loyal 
to  Ilim  to  the  end  of  time. 


It 


clopnicnt  of 
otcil  by  the 
;ly  in  conse- 

aiicl  armies 
aJT  faith,  the 

itt  steamer, 
ely  to<^re tiler 

never  more 
tests    of  art 

arbitration. 
utionas  any 
f  tlie  inter- 
s  so  many 
le  peace,  is 
hat   require 

nlieate  tins 
fout^dit  and 
3rge  or  the 
mmit.  The 

he  .storms 
ishine  and 
r  \ictories, 
ition  of  the 
:  prepared 
le  cominef 

the  same 
)  are  loyal 


AIIMADIX. 


Napier's  remark  upon  the  third  sie;_,a'  of  B.idajos  is  appli- 
cable to  that  of  Loui.sbourg  Tli-;  "  has  so  often  been  adduced 
in  evidence,  that  not  skill,  but  fortune,  plumed  his  ambitious 
wini^  :  a  proceeding,  indeed,  most  consonant  to  the  nature  of 
man,  for  it  is  hartl  to  avow  inferiority  by  attributing  an  action  so 
stupendous  to  superior  genius  alone."  "^ 

The  .-.uccess  of  the  LMigli.sh  in  the  assault  of  Hadajos  justi- 
fies the  c(j::!;ision  that  Pepperrell  and  Warren  would  have 
succeedetl  in  the  as.sault  they  platnied  on  June  15.  The  garrison 
was  not  sufticient  to  man  the  entire  fortifications,  and,  it  troops 
enough  were  posted  to  defend  the  breac'i,  there  were  places  in 
the  walls  that  wouitl  be  left  undefended  and  could  be  taken  by 
escalade.  This  is  preci.sel>-  what  happened  at  Hadajos,  in  spite 
of  a  defense  so  .skillful  and  brave  that  it  immortalized  IMiilippon, 
the  <n)verno/.t  In  the  case  of  Loui.sbourg,  Pepperrell  had  the 
advantage  of  the  ileet  Our  own  experience  in  the  Civil  War 
shows  that  Warren's  ships  could  have  run  the  gauntlet  of  the 
island  batterv  and  landed  an  attacking  party  on  llie  harljor  front, 
which  was  not  fortifietl  as  strongly  as  the  shore  front,  in  which 
tile  breach  had  been  effecteti. 

In  ll.e  preparations  for  the  expedition  nothing  was  left  to 
chance.  Pepperrell  and  Shirley  had  accurate  information  from 
returned  prisoners  of  the  small  number  of  the  garrison,  the 
exposure  of  the  Grand  Battery  to  capture  by  a  land  attack,  and 
the  size  of  its  cannon.  These  the\'  expected  to  take,  and  took 
ammunition  for  them.  They  had  no  large  vessels  of  war,  but 
they  had  several  small  ones,  which  were  able  to  cope  with  and 
drive  oti  the  frigate  Rcuoiniihc.  They  planned  to  increase  their 
fleet  b\-  capturing  and  arming  Fre.ich  \essels  bound  for  Louis- 
bourg.  Fheir  sailors  were  daring  aiu:  hardy  men,  ma-v-  .ri-hem 
old  pri\ateersmen. 

In  their  council  of  war  held  April  1 8,  I745,befor  '  .arren's 
;irri\'al,  the\-  decided  to  e<iuip  and  arm  the  St.  Jean,  a  vessel  just 

*  Napier's  "  I'cniii-uiar  War,"    Ihicia  X\'1,  Cliaii    \  II. 
t  Napier'-   '•  rt-niiisiiiar  War."    I'iodK  W  i.  riiap.  \  1. 


IS 


r;i|itur(Hl.  '  AiidtluT  vessel  was  captured  iiuiiu-di.itcly  .iflcT. 
With  these;'  '  ''tinns  to  their  tleet,  the  conclusion  is  at  least  prob- 
able tiiat  thej  'Id  h.i\e  captured  the  l'igilaiih\  ami  kept  up 
the  blockatle. 

riu'se  remarks  are  iii't  meant  to  detract  from  the  merit  of 
the  Hritisli  tleet.  Hut  they  do  show  th.it  the  leaders  of  the 
expedition  counted  th.e  cost,  lUid  planned  for  e\'ery  emerLjency. 

It  is  a  ciUMous  illustration  of  the  habits  of  the  time  that  the 
first  supijlies  of  u  hich  the  .irmy  ran  short  were  "  rum  and 
molasses;"  the  fi\  orite  be\erai4e.  and  a  staple  fooil  of  tile  ])eriod. 
The  carpjo  of  these  captureil  in  the  .SV.  Jiaii  was  appraised,  the 
\alue  awarded  for  i)ri/e  moiiex'  and  the  car^d  itself  taken  for  the 
use  of  the  ami)-. 

I  cannot  forbear  drawing;'  attention  to  another  curious 
fact  in  the  histor\-  i>f  the  exijedition.  I  have  been  told  by  a 
•general  who  served  in  the  Wilderness  campaiL^m,  that  after  the 
first  bloody  repulse  at  Cold  Harbor  an  order  was  t^i\en  to 
renew  the  attack,  but  tin.'  soldiers,  with  one  silent  consent, 
would  not  obey,  and  (ieneral  Grant  withdrew  the  order.  A 
similar  occurrence  is  related  in  the  records  of  the  Louisbour^ 
councils  of  war.  It  was  decided  to  make  an  assault  on  May  9, 
before  a  l^reach  was  effected.  The  same  da_\'  the  council  of  war 
rescinded  the  order,  owin;^  to  "  a  j4reat  dissatisfaction  in  man>- of 
the  officers  and  soldiers  at  tlie  desit^ned  attack  of  the  town  by 
storm  this  ni'dit."t 


•^-k 


.t^*. 

'  -y^ 


MS.  records,  Sit;t;e  of  l,(iiii-,luiiiri,r ;    M,i--.uiuisett>!   Ilistoiicil  Sociclv. 
Ms.   ri'idiiN.  < ',i\iiuiK  111' \V:ii- :  M.i.s--;ic  Iiu-cUs  1  lisldiir^il  Siniciv. 


,^3 


Ii.it  fly    aft  IT. 
t    Ic.ist   piol)- 


IIKI 


•l)t  lip 


the  nicrit  of 
J'iers   of  the 
jiicrLffncy. 
r'nic  tliat  the 

"  I'lmi    and 

'lie  period. 
I'l-iiscd,  the 

'^LMi  for  the 


''■I'    curious 
t«-Id    by  a 
Mt  after  the 
■^    ;-,n\eii     to 
lit    consent, 
•  order.     A 
<Hnsboiir<r 
■  "11  A[ay  9, 
iiicil  of  war 
ill    mail)-  of 
he  town  h\- 


Iv. 


